I thank the Department of materials science and engineering @IIT Delhi for organising a highly informative talk on refractory alloys and CMC materials by professor Rahul Mitra. Prof Mitra presented 2 metallic systems Mo-Si and Nb-Si. Both material systems possess high temperature oxidation resistance exceeding 1000°C. Glassy SiO2 layer formed on the surface being the primary oxidation inhibitor in both cases. As glass softens beyond 1200c it loses some of its oxidation resistant properties limiting material used in Ultra high temperature environments. These systems work but suffer from low fracture toughness that doesn't meet the standards required for aerospace components. Additionally neither Nb nor Mb are easily available and their processing also requires some complicated setup due to the high melting points of these alloys exceeding 2000c. Therefore it becomes important to keep searching for new materials. Diborides of Zr and Hf are contenders for ultr...
Mediterranean Futures: Spain, Africa, and New Alliances 27 March 2026 A couple of weeks ago I had a chance to listen to Mr Juan Antonio March Pujol ,Ambassador of Spain to India at a conference in New Delhi where he advocated for growth of ties between India and Spain. About 70 thousand people of Indian origin live in Spain currently and spain is already among the most popular tourist destinations in the EU with nearly 2.6 lakh Indians visiting the nation in 2024. Yet what Mr Juan seemed to be advocating was strengthening ties that go beyond tourism. A socio economic partnership that can create new opportunities for growth between the two nations. He highlighted improved aerial mobility which could be crucial because at present there are no direct flights between India and Spain. India is rapidly moving towards upgrading its cities making infrastructure smarter,more suited to handle the needs of the future. Spain is no stranger to this. Barcelona is a prime examp...