Notes by Akshat Jiwan Sharma

Multi element antennas like LPDA (log periodic dipole antennas) have the advantage that they can work over a wide range of frequencies. An antenna has a fixed length which is calculated experimentally to maximize the radiation. It follows therefore that an antenna designed this way will work on a limited range of frequencies. Or only the one it is designed for. When you combine multiple such elements you increase the range of frequencies that the antenna can handle. Each element maximizes the radiation for a particular frequency. This feature is incredibly useful in cellular technologies, for example, that have to transmit over a set of frequencies. Conversely an LPDA can also function as a receiver for a frequency range. Single LPDA receiving many frequencies. However not all elements can radiate on all frequencies. In these cases the elements that do radiate are called active elements those that don't are passive. Passive elements can act as reflectors, increasing the gain of the...

I’m not the best one to give career advice but I would say spend as little time as possible waiting. After you’ve applied to the positions you should look to get busy on personal projects even if they are not paying the bills. But what are the things you can do at this stage? Let's start from simple things and then branch out a bit If you’re good at antennas the easiest thing that you can probably do at this stage is to study the antennas built by other companies and do a technical review for them. What category does the antenna fit in (directional, omnidirectional, portable, outdoor etc etc)? How easy is the system to set up? What is its efficiency (input power vs range/number of devices)? In what cases can it be used? ETC. Once you tune yourself you’ll discover new parameters of evaluation. This exercise will give you an understanding of the antenna market (their price, target customer etc) as well as increase your practical knowledge of different kinds of antennas in use. Beside...

  No they don’t emit, they reflect and keep on reflecting until the signal reaches the other end. Fiber optics use infrared light to transmit data [1]. This is a form of radiation (heated objects also emit IR). In fact, Infrared radiation is so common in nature that there is an entire branch of study dedicated to it called thermal imaging [2]. Fiber cables are radiation guides. Their purpose is to transmit the data signal (infrared radiation) to as long a distance as possible with minimal loss. This is done with the help of total internal reflection. If fiber optic cable emitted any radiation at any point (except at the receiving end) it would fail its purpose. But even then the radiation is not harmful it would get dissipated just as the radiation from a heated body gets dissipated. [1]https://www.thefoa.org/tech/wavelength.htm [2]https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermography I’d love to hear your thoughts. Please don't hesitate to get in touch with me.  Akshat Jiwan Sharma St...

ABSTRACT: We present a technique to manufacture large scale carbon based conductors for transmission of electrical energy over continental scale distances. We start by identifying precursors that could be used for production processes.We review the current manufacturing techniques of producing carbon based fibers and explain why certain precursors have dominated carbon materials industry. We identify methods that can be used to increase the yield through alternative precursors.We put forward a theory of why carbon conductors have less conductivity than metals and what can be done to improve it. Finally we postulate that with cheaper production methods even if carbon based conductors are 10 times less effective than poor metallic conductors like steel, they can still outperform them in High Voltage transmission lines if cheap manufacturing techniques could be developed.  INTRODUCTION: Copper and in certain very specific applications aluminium & silicon steels dominate when it co...

Beamforming refers to focussing the signals in a particular direction. There are two types of beamforming Reflection based This can be seen in parabolic antennas which reflect the omnidirectional radiation from the source to a point (for example to a satellite in space or a base station on the ground) All antennas are omnidirectional. We add reflecting elements to focus their energy where we want. Parabolic dishes are easiest to find but other antennas like yagi,horn etc also help in beam forming. Basically anything that reflects the signal in a particular direction can create a beam. Beamforming is particularly important in point to point wireless backhauls. In these systems you want the signal to go in as straight a line as possible. Just like they would do if they were travelling in a fiber optic or an ethernet cable. (That is why tower installation people try to find line of sight, so that once the beam is in place it is not obstructed by any other object like a building or a tree....

To start with I don't have much idea about the financial health of telecom companies except for the reports that I have been hearing in the news and the opinions I've been reading on social media. Now it may indeed be true that they are not doing that well or it may be exaggerated, hard to tell. But what I do seem to sense is that the telecom industry is going to move away from being an infrastructure provider and become a service provider. Just providing the internet is no longer going to be enough. [Remember that the license for the spectrums that have already been purchased last for 20 years] Verizon purchased yahoo, JIO has their own suite of entertainment and news services and plans to build data centers, airtel has its bank and dish TV etc etc. You can see examples like this everywhere. A few years back, just around the time when whats app was gaining hold in the market there was a big outcry about application companies "eating the lunch" of infra companies. The...